机械通气的气道湿化

发布时间: 2022/10/19 浏览次数: 1,669

机械通气的气道湿化

在正常生理状态下,吸入气体通过上呼吸道加温加湿作用达到BTPS状态,即气体温度达到37℃, 绝对湿度44mgH2O/L,相对湿度100%。而在正压通气或建立人工气道的情况下,呼吸机通过高压或高流速输送的气体较为干燥,使上呼吸道生理性加温加湿功能负担加重,此时,使用呼吸湿化器提供足够的湿化补偿就显得尤为必要。

 

 

上呼吸道可以提供吸入气体75%的湿度。在进行有创机械通气时,因人工气道的建立,上呼吸道被旁路,不能对吸入气体进行加温加湿时,湿化器就需要补偿丢失的这部分温度和湿度。吸入气体总的湿度需求是44mg/L,被旁路的75%气道湿化功能需要湿化器进行补偿,即0.75*44mg/L=33mg/L。因此,对有创通气患者进行主动湿化达到理想BTPS状态时,湿化器需要提供33-44mg/L 的湿度,对应的气体温度在34-41℃之间,相对湿度达100%来维持正常呼吸道的生理功能。

 

 

尽管呼吸湿化器可以保证Y型管处的气体温度达到41℃,依据ARRC指南建议Y型管处的最高气体温度是37℃,相对湿度是100%。ISO 组织认为:输送的气体温度持续在41℃以上会对患者带来潜在的热损伤,并把43℃作为热损伤的高温报警临界点。

 

 

在进行无创机械通气时,尽管上呼吸道的生理湿化功能保留,由于漏气通气的特点,单位时间内经过连接界面处的气流加大,使得患者上呼吸道水分丢失,导致上呼吸道湿化的负荷加重,黏膜湿度不足。此时,使用呼吸湿化器可显著提升吸入气体的温度及湿度,增加患者的依从性和舒适度,从而提高无创通气的成功率。

 

 

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